Ethical perspective of a global issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical perspective of a global issue - Essay Example The possibility of human cloning was raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep "Dolly" (Lauritzen 57-64). Dolly aroused worldwide interest and concern because of the scientific and ethical implications in creating her. The feat, cited by Science magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, also generated uncertainty over the meaning of "cloning" --an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. (Murray, 41) When the media report on cloning in the news, they are usually talking about only one type called reproductive cloning. There are different types of cloning however, and cloning technologies can be used for other purposes besides producing the genetic twin of another organism. A basic understanding of the different types of cloning is key to taking an informed stance on current public policy issues and making the best possible personal decisions. (Murray, 41) The following three types of cloning technologies are the most progressive: (1) recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning, (2) reproductive cloning, and (3) therapeutic cloning. ... Scientists studying a particular gene often use bacterial plasmids to generate multiple copies of the same gene. Plasmids are self-replicating extra-chromosomal circular DNA molecules, distinct from the normal bacterial genome (see image to the right). Plasmids and other types of cloning vectors are used by Human Genome Project researchers to copy genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate enough identical material for further study. (Walters, 69) Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring. More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. In addition to low success rates, cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders. Japanese studies have shown that cloned mice live in poor health and die early. (Lauritzen 57-64) About a third of the cloned calves born alive have died young, and many of them were abnormally large. Many cloned animals have not lived long enough to generate good data about how clones age. Appearing healthy at a young age unfortunately is not a good indicator of long term survival. Clones have been known to die mysteriously. For example, Australia's first cloned sheep appeared healthy and energetic on the day she died, and the results from her autopsy failed to determine a cause of death. (Walters 69) In 2002, researchers at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, reported that the genomes of cloned mice are compromised. In analyzing more than 10,000 liver and placenta cells of cloned mice, they discovered

Mango and Favorite Season Essay Example for Free

Mango and Favorite Season Essay ?l`My favorite fruit is Mango. During summer mangoes are available in plenty. But we have to choose them correctly. Nowadays calcium carbide is resorted in mango ripening. Green mangoes are kept along with calcium carbide in godowns so that they ripen faster within two days. Then they are sold to shopkeepers. A fruit seller in Besant Nagar pointing a heap of mangoes stacked separately told that all these mangoes have been ripened using Kallu. He used to charge the right price and explain the reason for such high rates, and if they accept and willing to pay, he provides them the mangoes that have been ripened naturally. But he sells those that ripened using artificial means when customers intent on reducing prices. The Health Officer in City says people consume such artificially ripened mangoes can develop abdominal pain and some from gastric irritation, loose motion giddiness and vomiting. The Chennai Corporation Commissioner says that they have been regularly raiding mango merchants and destroying the ones that have been ripened artificially. If Public any how come to know the offence they can lodge a complaint by calling 1913. Mango trees (Mangifera indica L. ) grow upto 35–40 m (115–130 ft) tall, with a crown radius of 10 m (33 ft). The mango tree is long-lived, as some specimens still fruit after 300 years. [citation needed] In deep soil, the taproot descends to a depth of 6 m (20 ft) and the profuse, wide-spreading feeder roots also send down many anchor roots, which penetrate several feet of soil. The leaves are evergreen, alternate, simple, 15–35 cm (5. 9–14 in) long and 6–16 cm (2. 4–6. 3 in) broad; when the leaves are young they are orange-pink, rapidly changing to a dark glossy red, then dark green as they mature. The flowers are produced in terminal panicles 10–40 cm (3. 9–16 in) long; each flower is small and white with five petals 5–10 mm (0. 20–0. 39 in) long, with a mild sweet odor suggestive of lily of the valley. The fruit takes three to six months to ripen. The ripe fruit is variable in size and color. Cultivars are variously yellow, orange, red or green, and carry a single flat, oblong pit that can be fibrous or hairy on the surface, and which does not separate easily from the pulp. Ripe, unpeeled fruit gives off a distinctive resinous, sweet smell. Inside the pit 1–2 mm (0. 039–0. 079 in) thick is a thin lining covering a single seed, 4–7 mm (0. 16–0. 28 in) long. The seed contains the plant embryo. The seed of mango can be hairy or fibrous The hedgehog style is a common way of eating mangoes (left). A cross section of a mango can be seen on the right, not quite fully halving the fruit as the stone is not visible[edit] Cultivation and uses Mango orchard in Multan, Pakistan Unripe mangoes on a mango treeMangoes have been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent for thousands of years[4] and reached East Asia between the 5th and 4th centuries BC. By the 10th century AD, cultivation had begun in East Africa. [4] The 14th century Moroccan traveler, Ibn Battuta, reported it at Mogadishu. [5] Cultivation came later to Brazil, the West Indies and Mexico, where an appropriate My Favourite season is the Rainy season or the Monsoons. In India, it is a very important season. The agricul ­ture in India depends largely on the water given by the rains or the average rainfall of the year. For me, it is the most colourful of all the seasons. One can see a lot of greenery around oneself. The dark mass of clouds is a blessing and is eagerly awaited after the scorching summer heat. There are frequent roars of thunder in the dark sky. The best part of the season is that one gets a lot of unexpected holidays and offs from the school due to the rains. It is a pleasure to go out in the rains and get wet in the water and play games. That is why, I really like the enjoyable and fun filled Monsoon season. Favorite Season Essays Many students find it rather difficult to write favorite season essays. From one side, favorite season essay writing does not require extensive research or the scientific evidence. From the other side, your essay must still be written in accordance to academic standards, gain the attention of the readers, and be interesting to read. The following essay tips may help you with writing your favorite season essays. In addition, do not forget to read tips on writing narrative essays and expository essay. Favorite Season Essays Tips combine different styles and forms of composition: narrative, descriptive paragraphs, expository and persuasive essay parts. writing favorite season essays, do not forget about the flow of ideas. Subordination and strict order in essay writing is essential use link words to ensure transition from one paragraph to another. You may use the following words/phrases throughout your essay: one reason, another reason, in conclusion, first, second/secondly, in summary, first of all, third/thirdly, in short, for example, another example, to begin with, as well as, to summarize, to start with, too, to conclude, hence, additionally, last/lastly, finally, etc. Favorite Season Essays Structure Let’s investigate the main parts of favorite season essays. 1. Introductory paragraph – it may be a short story from your life that shaped your preference of the specific season 2. Body show who, what, where, and when. In other words, the main body of your favorite season essay should be detailed as much as possible. However, do not forget about staying focused on your topic! Do not make your essay heavy with excessive descriptions. 3. Concluding paragraph – end your essay with a paragraph in which you emphasize the reasons why the specific season is your favorite Favorite Season Essays Ideas 1. Winter: if winter is your favorite season, you may start your essay with the short story from your childhood when you went to see your grandmother and you spent endless hours outside playing snowballs. Winter is a favorite season for many people because of Christmas 2. Summer: if summer is your favorite season, you may write about the suntan, swimming, lose clothes, warm nights, and all others things that make summers memorable. Undoubtedly, do not forget to mention that summer is a season of vacations and you have a lot of time to spend with your friends 3. Spring: if spring is your favorite season, you may focus on the revival of the nature, on the romantic feelings, and †¦ the time of exams. Spring is a transition from winter to summer and it is no longer cold and yet there is no unbearable heat. Thus, you may write about the comfort of the spring 4. Autumn: usually, autumn is the favorite season of the older people and depressive ones. Autumn is symbolic of the wading youth and nature. Nevertheless, autumns are very beautiful in their variety of colors. If you are not a depressive person, you have definitely enjoyed walking in the forest in the fall season. Custom Favorite Season Essays If you find the above tips helpful but do not have enough time or ideas to write your favorite season essays, you may confidently rely on the shoulders of our professional writers. We are ready to write a custom favorite season essay for you from scratch and deliver it within the most urgent deadlines. We do not plagiarize! You may reviewfree research paper sample and essay on patriotism in our blog to see the quality of our writing help! All of the seasons of the year have special qualities. Winter though, is without a doubt my favorite season. I enjoy winter because of the beautiful snow, there are no pigeons, and because of the days that we get out of school. My first reason for considering winter for my favorite season is that when it snows it mostly covers everything. The trees and the ground are covered in fresh white snow. I can go out side and build snowmen and snowwomen that are decorated with all kinds of stuff. Like hats, gloves, sticks for arms, a carrot for a nose, and rocks for their eyes! I can also go sleigh riding with my cousin. (Thi ssay 7 My Favorite Season Winter My favorite season is winter. And snow indicates the coming of winter. I always wonder how magic and delicate the shape of snow is. It seems like being carved by artist. No doubt, snow is the most wonderful creation of the nature. I have had special feeling toward snow since I was a little girl. I like watching snow falling down from the sky especially at nights with the light of moon that it is great. Some people dislike winter because they think that there is no fun in winter, everything is covered by snow and the weather is cold. But to me, there are a lot of beautiful memories about winter. When I was young, I used to hung out with neighborhood kidds after school even the weather was severe. Actuaally we were looking for the heavy snow at the very beginning of winter. Because we were fond of having snowball fight and making snowman as well as going sledding. We were so happy when playing in the snow. We didn’t care how cold our hand were, how dirty our cloths were. The only things we cared about were who could win in the fight, who could make the best snowman and who could sled the fastest. However, we had to stand the complaint from parents. Another reason for me to like winter is Spring Festival. It is the most important festival in China. On those days, everyone would go back home to be with family and celebrate. It is also the most traditional holliday to Chinese, so everyone would take a break on these days no matter how busy he/she is. To me, the happiest things is that I can eat hot pot with my family. In my family, eatting hot pot on New Year’s even is the custom so on this day every member of my family would sit around the table to share the hot pot together as well as chatting. It’s really an enjoyable thing to eat hot pot in cold winter especially with the family. I keep those memories as my fortune and I wish everybody could like winter as I do. ssay 7 My Favorite Season Winter My favorite season is winter. And snow indicates the coming of winter. I always wonder how magic and delicate the shape of snow is. It seems like being carved by artist. No doubt, snow is the most wonderful creation of the nature. I have had special feeling toward snow since I was a little girl. I like watching snow falling down from the sky especially at nights with the light of moon that it is great. Some people dislike winter because they think that there is no fun in winter, everything is covered by snow and the weather is cold. But to me, there are a lot of beautiful memories about winter. When I was young, I used to hung out with neighborhood kidds after school even the weather was severe. Actuaally we were looking for the heavy snow at the very beginning of winter. Because we were fond of having snowball fight and making snowman as well as going sledding. We were so happy when playing in the snow. We didn’t care how cold our hand were, how dirty our cloths were. The only things we cared about were who could win in the fight, who could make the best snowman and who could sled the fastest. However, we had to stand the complaint from parents. Another reason for me to like winter is Spring Festival. It is the most important festival in China. On those days, everyone would go back home to be with family and celebrate. It is also the most traditional holliday to Chinese, so everyone would take a break on these days no matter how busy he/she is. To me, the happiest things is that I can eat hot pot with my family. In my family, eatting hot pot on New Year’s even is the custom so on this day every member of my family would sit around the table to share the hot pot together as well as chatting. It’s really an enjoyable thing to eat hot pot in cold winter especially with the family. I keep those memories as my fortune and I wish everybody could like winter as I do. quare 1: (These are some of my favorite fruits for examples. ) Fruits: Apples Oranges Grapes Grapefruit Mangoes Square 2: Health Benefits: Eating fruits and having a healthy diet can decrease your risk of heart disease, such as heart attack or stroke. Having fruits in your diet can prevent some cancers. When having foods with fiber in your diet such as fruit, you can reduce your chance of Type 2 diabetes and obesity. Eating fruit high in potassium as part of healthy diet, you lower your blood pressure, can help decrease your chances of getting kidney stones, and help lessen your chance of bone loss. Fruits are naturally lower in fat, sodium, and calories, none have cholesterol. By eating fruits you can cut down calorie intake. Square 3 Daily Recommended Amounts: Many foods have recommended amounts. The amount of fruits you need to eat depend on your age, sex, and level of physical activity. Children 4-8 are recommended 1 to1 ? cups per day. Girls 14-18 are recommended 1 ? cups. Boys 14-18 are recommended 2 cups. Women 19-30 are recommended 2 cups. Men 19-51+ are recommended 2 cups. Square 4: Tips: You can cut up fruits and keep them in the refrigerator for whenever you get hunger. Buy fruits that are frozen, dried, or canned, so that you’ll always have a some on hand. You can also keep a bowl of whole fruits in the fridge, on the table, or counter so it’s convenient. Facts: Fruit is the most healthy food in the world. There is over 1,000 varieties of apples. Strawberries are the only fruits that grow the seeds on the outside. Blueberries are native to North America. Peaches were once known as â€Å"Persian apples†. Citrus grew in Asia 20 million years ago. [continues] â€Å"Maria, you need to eat fruits to grow big and strong,† now those are the words that first came into my mind when thinking of fruit. My mother, always having our best interest in mind, tried her very hardest to teach my brother and I how to eat healthy at a young age. I must say, my brother acquired a taste for fruits and vegetables with much more ease as opposed to me. Mother knew that if she wanted me to eat fruit there was one way, and one way only, to get me to do just that; a handpicked, bright red apple will do the trick. Yet, it didn’t come as easy as that. There was, and still is to this day, a hard tedious process that comes with me eating an apple. First, mother cut the apple in half, letting its juice spill throughout. I still hear the sound of the knife against the cutting board, â€Å"PAM,† like a gunshot. The apple later gets all its seeds taken out and cut into even smaller pieces. Mother never forgets the most important part, the skin has to be taken off! And so she takes the knife, cutting the skin of the tiny pieces of the apple with such carefulness since just a slip could make her cut herself. The apple goes from a bright red to a nude tone, like the color of her skin. Oh sweetness galore! The first bite of the apple is as divine as can be. A perfect balance between sweetness and sour lingers in my mouth. As I continue eating the apple, I wish it would never end. That last crunch of the last bite always leaves me wanting more. And so, ever since then, the apple has been my favorite fruit. Every time I cut it in half, the sweet smell of nostalgia comes seeping in and warms my heart. Now, thanks to my mother, the apple has become a part of my everyday routine. Its sweet smell and taste never ceases to bore me. [continues]

Partnerships :: Business and Management Studies

Partnerships Deed of partnership A written document that sets out the business relationship between members of a partnership. Limited Partner A member of a partnership who has unlimited liability. Such partners invest money and have a share of the profit, but play no part in running the firm. Partnership Where two or more people own a business together with a view to making a profit. Sleeping partner A member of a partnership who invests money in the firm but plays no part in its running. What is a partnership? A partnership exists when two or more people own a business together with a view to making a profit. Most partners have unlimited liability, therefore if the business fails they can lose all their personal wealth. A maximum of 20 partners is allowed in general partnership. Each partner is a part owner in the business and has the right to take part in running it. Sleeping partners of limited partners may invest in the business but take no part in its running. Why form a partnership? To finance expansion of a sole trader’s business. A sole trader’s own resources will be limited. To obtain capital for a business To get someone to share the work and responsibility of running a business To add new skills to the business. Deed of Partnership This is a very important document and is the contract that sets out the terms of the relationship between the partners. Benefits of working as partners More start up capital Shared costs Shared decision making Wider range of skills More ideas. Drawbacks of working as partners Unlimited liability Have to share profits Limited capital One partners actions can ruin the business No continuity / stability Hard to get money back Activities 1. Unlimited liability is more of a risk to partners than it is to sole traders because if the business fails, the partners could lose all of their personal wealth, not just the money invested in the business, even if the problem was not to do with them. If someone was owed money by the business, the partnership can be sued or just one partner could be sued. If that partners had to pay the debt, he or she would have to get the other partner to pay their share of the money owed. 2. The reason that there is a legal limit on the number of partners in a partnership is because if there are to many partners it gets out of hand, and it becomes hard to keep track. 3. See separate sheet 4. We don’t believe this statement to be very true at all because, we

Financial Theories Overview Essay

costs of capital to a firm would remain the same no matter what combination of financing sources the firm actually chose† (Miller, 2001, p. 185). The dividend proposition overcomes objection to leverage proof. | 3. Agency Cost Theory I Michael Jensen and William Meckling define agency costs as the costs associated with cooperative effort by human beings, which arises when the principal hires an agent to carry out duties Oensen, 2005). Conflicts of interest between management and shareholders are inevitable and can cause a potential loss in value of public corporations (Chew, 2001). For example, shareholders may want management to increase shareholder value, but management may grow the business to increase personal power and wealth (Chew, 2001). | Enron’s company was worth $30 billion and senior managers’ tried to defend a $40 billion of excess valuation. Ultimately Enron executives destroyed the company â€Å"by trying to fool the markets through accounting manipulations, hiding debt through off-balance sheet partnerships, and over hyped new ventures such as their broadband futures effort† Oensen, 2005, pp. 10-11). John Roth, former chief executive officer (CEO) of Nortel, wrote off most cquisitions, when stock price crashed and closed down activities, which resulted in the destruction of not only the corporate value but also the social value of the company Oensen, 2005). Finance scholars found a reduction in conflict of interest between management and shareholders because of: (1) product market competition and a market for executive labor

Cultural Considerations in Moral and Ethical Reasoning

Cultural considerations in moral and ethical reasoning The sound development of moral reasoning and ethics is an integral part of the growth and maturation of a healthy and productive human being. Without morals and ethics, a person cannot exist within society’s boundaries and would be doomed to be forever barred from its hallowed walls for as long as that person did not conform to the societal norms of having the ability to morally reason and implement a set of ethics. But morals and ethics, as necessary as they are, are relative and not absolute (Brink, 1989).This means that what a particular society constitutes as moral behavior is actually very much like beauty and in the eye of the beholder. The society in which an individual grows up in and is a member of dictates the type of societal rules that must be accepted as part of the price of membership. However, it does not take into account the various cultural differences that must affect which ethics and morals are adhered to in a particular place. Ethics are generally defined as the principles of morally acceptable conduct of individuals, and a person’s belief about right and wrong behaviors (Cosmides & Tooby, 2004).It is evident however, that the difference in cultures around the world make it quite clear that moral reasoning and ethics are directly influenced by the cultures in which they are developed (Boyd & Richerson, 2005). Behavior that is unacceptable in the U. S. is perfectly acceptable elsewhere in the world. For example, polygamy is accepted in most African societies, and even encouraged, but in the U. S. it is not only considered morally reprehensible, but also criminal. Homosexuality is accepted and even celebrated in the U. S. et woe betides the person trying to engage in this behavior in the Middle East, where it is considered a moral abomination (Haidt & Hersh, 2001). It is clear that there is no universal standard for moral reasoning not with culture, religion, and even environment playing roles in how it will occur (Wright, 1994).Therefore, it is of utmost importance to teach developing humans how to evaluate critically their own views on morality and that of others in order to preserve a balance in their world view no matter where they are. They must be taught an openness that allows for them to discuss omfortably moral matters with many types of people in order to gain a clearer picture of the world. By honing reasoning skills one can better evaluate ethical and moral statements or judgments (Gigerenzer & Goldstein, 1996) and this will help to describe the negatives and the positives of a situation and ultimately take us a step closer to understanding our world and the various subsets of which it is made up of.References Boyd R. , & Richerson, P. J. (2005). The origin and evolution of cultures. New York: Oxford University Press. Brink, D. (1989). Moral realism and the foundations of ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Co smides, L. , & Tooby, J. (2000). Knowing thyself: The evolutionary psychology of moral reasoning and moral sentiments. Unpublished manuscript. Gigerenzer, G. (2004). Fast and frugal heuristics: The tools of bounded rationality. In D. Koehler & N. Harvey (Eds), Handbook of judgment and decision making (pp. 62-68). Oxford: Blackwell. Haidt, J. , &Joseph, C. (2004). Sexual morality: The cultures and reasons of liberals and conservatives. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31 191-221. Wright, R. (1994). The moral animal: Why we are the way we are. New York: Pantheon.

25 Favorite Portmanteau Words

25 Favorite Portmanteau Words 25 Favorite Portmanteau Words 25 Favorite Portmanteau Words By Mark Nichol One of the many compensating charms of the often infuriating English language is the ease with which speakers and writers may exercise creativity and inventiveness. One of its most inventive components is the portmanteau word one formed by combining two words into a single (and often deprecating and/or ironically humorous) term that denotes a new concept, or one for which a satisfactory term was heretofore unavailable. Here are twenty-five such terms, their parent words, and their meanings. 1. Affluenza (affluence/influenza): anxiety or dissatisfaction caused by submission to consumerism 2. Anacronym (anachronism/acronym): an acronym derived from a phrase no longer widely known (for example, radar) 3. Anticipointment (anticipation/disappointment): the letdown after hype gives way to reality 4. Backronym (back/acronym): a word presented as an acronym after the fact (for example, the name of the car brand Ford was derisively backronymed to stand for â€Å"Fix Or Repair Daily†) or mistakenly believed to be an acronym (the Morse code distress signal is erroneously said to stand for â€Å"Save Our Souls†) 5. Blaxploitation (black/exploitation): a genre of pulp entertainment most prevalent during the 1970s, when African American culture began to permeate US society that exploits clichà ©s about black people 6. Bodacious (bold/audacious): insolent or unrestrained, extraordinary or impressively large, or extremely attractive 7. Celebutant(e) (celebrity/debutant(e)): someone famous for being famous, with no apparent talent except self-promotion 8. Chillax (chill/relax): behave, calm down, or relax 9. Cocacolonization (Coca-Cola/colonization): the aggressive introduction or pervasive influence of American consumerism on other cultures 10. Cosplay (costume/play): wearing costumes and accessories that resemble those of characters from various forms of popular culture, or the subculture that engages in cosplay 11. Craptacular (crap/spectacular): entertainment so poor in quality as to be ironically captivating, or hyped but ultimately disappointing 12. Edutainment (education/entertainment): educational material presented in a format intended to attract with its entertainment value) 13. Frankenfood (Frankenstein/food): genetically modified food 14. Frenemy (friend/enemy): a supposed friend whose actions and/or behavior are characteristic of a foe 15. Gaydar (gay/radar): the ability to identify a person as a homosexual based on observation of the person’s appearance and/or behavior 16. Ginormous (gigantic/enormous): huge 17. Infotainment (information/entertainment): information presented in a format intended to attract with its entertainment value 18. Interrobang (interrogative/bang): a combination question mark and exclamation point 19. McMansion (McDonalds/mansion): a blandly generic large house 20. Metrosexual (metropolitan/heterosexual): a man who appears to be inordinately concerned about personal aesthetics and/or is perceived for this quality as being homosexual 21. Mockumentary (mock/documentary): a feature film that spoofs the documentary form 22. Netocracy (Internet/aristocracy): an elite demographic distinguished by facility with technology and online networking 23. Screenager (screen/teenager): the typical adolescent who indulges excessively in screen entertainment 24. Sexploitation (sex/exploitation): pulp entertainment intended primarily to titillate 25. Shopaholic (shop/alcoholic): someone addicted to shopping A portmanteau word, as described by Humpty Dumpty in Lewis Carroll’s Through the Looking-Glass, is (inspired by the word for a suitcase with two opposite compartments) a case of â€Å"two meanings packed up into one word.† Many such terms, most of which are in the mainstream vocabulary and some of which are not widely recognized as invented terms already exist. More mundane portmanteau words represent dual ideas in many contexts, including entertainment (cineplex, docudrama, infomercial), sports (heliskiing, parasailing, slurve), and technology (avionics, camcorder, pixel), as well as hybridization of breeds or species (cockapoo, jackalope, liger). Some older examples include electrocution (electricity/execution), motel (motor/hotel), motorcade (motor/cavalcade), prissy (prim/sissy, though it may be simply a variation of precise), rollicking (rolling/frolicking), and ruckus (ruction, rumpus). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical Words50 Latin Phrases You Should KnowProverb vs. Adage

Health and social care QCF level 3 Agreed Ways of working Essays

Health and social care QCF level 3 Agreed Ways of working Essays Health and social care QCF level 3 Agreed Ways of working Paper Health and social care QCF level 3 Agreed Ways of working Paper Agreed ways of working These set out how your employer requires you to work. They are set out in your job description/role. They incorporate various pieces of legislation along with best practise. They are there to enable you to provide a good quality service working within the legal framework and most importantly aim to keep you and the individuals you support, safe from danger or harm. They are there to benefit and protect you, the people you support and your employer. Care plans are also â€Å"agreed way of working† where the management of the individuals daily care needs are agreed and documented. It is important that you know what your employers aims and objectives are and that you are aware of procedures for recording information documenting information and sharing information. Also be aware of other company policies and procedures as these change from job to job. Never assume that you are automatically trained as your training may not transfer with you. Policies and procedures are essential pieces of information that are designed to support you in your role. It is important that you keep yourself up to date with agreed ways of working as they are subject to change through whatever reason Government legislation change, Company research or other professionals. Care plans are also subject to change and not keeping yourself up to date could lead to malpractice which you can be accountable for in a court of law,† I DID NOT KNOW† is not acceptable . Keeping within your job role is vital never work outside your role. Working outside your role can also lead to malpractices to which you may be held accountable in a court of law. Communicate with your seniors if in doubt ask or seek advice from them. Know your Job role and responsibilities and work at the level you are experienced and qualified in, never be tempted to step beyond your Job Description.

Read and Understand Measurements in House Plans

Read and Understand Measurements in House Plans Its easy to purchase house plans from a website or house plan catalog, but they hardly ever come with directions for reading floor plans. What are you buying? Will the completed house measure up to your expectations? The following hints come from an architect who designs luxury house plans and custom homes. He wants you to know about measuring. - ed. Key Facts About Measuring area: measured in square feet (or square meters), the rectangular length times the width; the area of a triangle is one-half the base times the heightvolume: the length times the width times the heightarea of a composite: for an irregularly shaped room, divide the room into regular shapes (rectangles and triangles) and sum the areasgross area: measured from the exterior wall foundation, so the area includes wall thicknessnet area: measured from interior walls; area of the living spacearchitect scale: a three-sided measuring device with six measuring edges (described as prism-shaped), similar to a ruler, but used to interpret the true size of a line drawn to scale on a floor plan or blueprint Size Up Your House Plan When you compare house plans, one of the more important characteristics you’ll consider is the area of the floor plan - the size of the plan - measured in square feet or square meters. Heres a little secret. Square feet and square meters are not measured the same on every house plan. Any two house plans that appear to be of equal area may not really be. Does this make much difference when you’re choosing a plan? You bet it does! On a 3,000 square foot plan, a difference of only 10 percent might unexpectedly cost you tens of thousands of dollars. Question the Measurements Builders, architects, real estate professionals, bankers, auditors, and appraisers often report room sizes differently to better suit their particular needs. House plan services also vary in their area-calculation protocols. In order to compare floor plan areas accurately, you’ve got to be sure that the areas are counted the same. Generally, builders and real estate professionals want to show that a house is as big as possible. Their goal is to quote a lower cost per square foot or square meter so that the house will appear more valuable. In contrast, appraisers, assessors, and county auditors usually measure the perimeter of the house - a typically very rough way to calculate area - and call it a day. Architects break the size down into components: first floor, second floor, porches, finished lower level, etc. To arrive at an apples-to-apples comparison of house areas you’ve got to know what’s included in the totals. Does the area include only heated and cooled spaces? Does it include everything under roof? Even garages? What about closets? Or do the measurements include only living space? Ask How Rooms Are Measured But even when you’ve discovered exactly what spaces are included in the area calculation youll need to know how volume is counted, and whether the total reflects the net or the gross square footage (or square meters). Gross area is the total of everything within the outer edge of the perimeter of the house. Net area is that same total - less the thicknesses of walls. In other words, net square footage is the part of the floor that you can walk on. Gross includes the parts you can’t walk on. The difference between net and gross can be as much as 10 percent - depending on the type of floor plan design. A traditional plan (with more distinct rooms and therefore more walls) might have 10 percent net-to-gross ratio, while a contemporary plan may have only six or seven percent. Likewise, larger homes tend to have more walls - because larger homes generally have more rooms, rather than simply larger rooms. Youll probably never see the volume of a house plan listed on a house plan website, but the number representing the area of a floor plan often depends on how the volume is counted. Typically, the upper area of two-story rooms (foyers, family rooms) isnt counted as part of the floor plan. Likewise, stairs are only counted once. But not always. Check how volume is counted to be sure you know how big the plan really is. Plan services that design their own plans will have a consistent policy on area (and volume), but services that sell plans on consignment probably dont. How does the designer or plan service calculate the size of the plan? Sometimes that information is found on the services website or book, and sometimes you have to call to find out. But you should most definitely find out. Knowing how area and volume are measured can make a very big difference in the cost of the house you ultimately build. Conclusions Leave the Building to Builders. Damian Gillie/Construction Photography/Avalon/Getty Images The guest writer, Richard Taylor of RTA Studio, is an Ohio-based residential architect who creates luxury house plans and designs custom homes and interiors. Taylor spent eight years designing and renovating homes in German Village, an historic district in Columbus, Ohio. He has also designed custom homes in North Carolina, Virginia, and Arizona. He holds a B.Arch. (1983) from Miami University and is an active blog writer on social media. Taylor says: I believe that above all, a home should create a quality living experience as unique as the people that live in it, shaped by the owners heart, and by his image of home - thats the essence of custom design. Construction designs can get complicated, so let your building crew decipher the symbols the way they are trained to do. A couple of things for the homeowner to keep an eye on include the orientation of the building on the lot (where is south and the sun? where are the doors and windows?), the HVAC symbols (where is the ductwork?), and for future reference its good to know where your load-bearing walls will be located. And how big will your new house measure out to be? According to the U.S. Census Bureau Survey of Construction, the average new single-family American house was 2,392 square feet in 2010 and in 1973 it was 1,660 square feet. A small home is considered 1,000 to 1,500 square feet. And tiny homes? Could you live in less than 500 square feet? Thats the plan!

History paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History paper - Essay Example It was this political acumen and leadership that set Lincoln apart from Andrew Johnson, and Ulysses S. Grant. One of the biggest challenges Lincoln faced in the beginning of his presidency was the Southerners’ secession from the Union. The Southerners, who were supporters of slavery, did not trust Lincoln and his policies to stop the expansion of slavery. Lincoln thought that secession was illegal, and he was willing to go to war if necessary, to defend the Union. When South Carolina’s men fired on the Union troops at Fort Sumter, it was the beginning of the Civil War. Lincoln called for 75,000 men to put down the rebellion. In 1860, Lincoln inducted into his cabinet, several of the men against whom he had run for the Republican nomination for president. Lincoln did not have much political experience, so he needed experienced people in his government. He appointed former New York Senator, William H. Seward, as Secretary of State and Salmon P. Chase, a Radical Republican, as Secretary of the Treasury. Later, he nominated Chase to be the Chief Justice of the United States. Between 1861 and 1865, Lincoln was determined to keep the Union together, and to accomplish this, he nominated the best politicians to his cabinet, even though he disagreed with them on some issues. President Lincoln kept George B. McClellan, an outspoken critic of his administration, in command of the Eastern Army, including Virginia. However, in 1862, McClellan was dismissed from office not because he disliked Lincoln, but because of his failure in the battlefield. He did not pursue the army of Northern Virginia after General Robert E . Lee had surrendered, which could have ended the war in the East. Slavery was one of the most controversial issues during Lincoln’s presidency. In a letter written to New York journalist Horace Greeley in 1862, Lincoln wrote that his presidency’s principal goal was to preserve the Union at all

Training And Development Manual For Happy Wine Miami Term Paper

Training And Development Manual For Happy Wine Miami - Term Paper Example In this similar concern, this particular research study entails training needs assessment of Happy Wine. Training needs assessment will be based on the assessment of management skills and its effectiveness. Especially mentioning, this frames an important part of any organization as it encompasses various critical activities with regard to training as well as development function. In order to plan, prepare and implement advanced and effective strategies with regard to training needs assessment related to management skill program for Happy Wine, the company’s constraints are to be considered initially (Happy Wine, 2013). Overview of Training and Development of Happy Wine Miami Happy Wine Miami represents the US-based wine company. In this regard, it can be stated that the company follows the norms and the standards that have been fixed by the US government in association with wine industries. Therefore, constraints, as well as challenges faced by such wine industries, are almost same being situated within the similar country. The vision statement of Happy Wine reflects about its extension of wine shops worldwide. It further inculcates accessible as well as knowledgeable inclusions that further help the company to achieve success within national as well as international context. Wine industry represents the highly extensive market as it involves higher capital. This acts as a hurdle or a barrier for the entrance of such industries within the prevailing market scenario. Furthermore, wine industries incorporate the aspect of product differentiation which acts as an effectual marketing strategy for industries. Thereupon, Happy Wine also enjoys a variety of wines from all over the world. The strategy concerning product differentiation supports the company in terms of adopting various valuable decisions and executing effectual plans to foster growth and development in this competitive landscape. Furthermore, it can be apparently observed that in recent years, wi ne consumption has accelerated to its height. Wine is being consumed by the younger group that has given it a new height and growth. This further has given rise to numerous issues and challenges that wine industries are fronting in recent market scenario (Wall Street Journal, 2013). In relation to the training needs assessment with regard to management skill, it is necessary to analyze the breach between the present scenario and the need for training and expansion program to fill in the gap.  

INDIVIDUAL FASHION MARKETING PLAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

INDIVIDUAL FASHION MARKETING PLAN - Essay Example ‘Valentino For All’, the planned brand extension based on diffusion strategy will endeavour to sell luxury products especially female related garments to young consumer segment i.e. teenage girls. The brand extension strategy would make use of social app to communicate with the target consumers and to create greater awareness. The target retail outlets featuring greater share of Valentino brand will enable the company to make its presence within the target masses. Besides, the brand extension will enable Valentino to make its presence more prominent in the competitive market. The prime intention of this report will be towards performing the deep evaluation of a luxury fashionable brand named as ‘Valentino SpA’. This brand has been into fashion business since long and is basically of Italian origin. Since being an Italian fashion brand, all its apparel and fashion products reflect the styling trend and the traditional craftsmanship of Italy. A majority of the products manufactured by this brand belongs to a niche section and are high priced as well (Valentino SpA, 2014). The brand was established by Valentino Garavani in 1960 in Rome, Italy. Since then, the brand has been considerably successful in gaining significant amount of preferences from both male and female customers who like the precision and the styling factor associated with assorted offerings such as clothing, footwear, perfumes, glasses, accessories along with watches. The brand adds a combination of certain important factors which contribute to its success factor. It is a popular brand due to ensuring the offering of a diversified portfolio of products for men and women encompassing clothing, footwear as well as accessories (Valentino SpA, 2014).In the current scenario, the brand has attained significant amount of development under the effective supervision of their Creative Directors Maria Grazia Chiuri and Pierpaolo Piccioli. These creative

Organic Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organic Revolution - Essay Example Here is the concept of organic food, a new revolutionary wave that characterizes modern farming and ranching. Inasmuch as the climate change campaigners, policy advisors and politicians continue to drag their feet on such a fundamental issue, it is imperative to acknowledge the bare fact that business is not as usual at all. Not at a time when organic revolution continues to spread its tentacles and roots into the tissues that define our posterity. Across the world, thousands of organic farmers and conservationists are on a constant plea to inform the world that we can indeed create a very safe and healthy alternative to the conventional industrial agriculture (Ableman 89). The whole trouble however lies in convincing the masses and the skeptics out there that this is a very real and feasible process devoid of any harm hitherto known. Well, the cynics will normally have their way and their say but the fundamental realization to acknowledge is that as the world’s population sur ges amid diminishing resources, it is imperative that radical measures be put in place to ensure that this generation and the posterity will have food to eat and resources to use. That, in essence, is the fundamental issue that has to be addressed. It is in light of such emerging realities that the concept of organic revolution continues to take shape and be accepted as a solution to the food crisis in the world (Avery 78). However, this should never be accepted with doubts and skepticism. It should be after an understanding of the facts, realities and the imperatives of such a revolution. On the positive aspect, the goal in the organic revolution process is not only limited to feeding the world’s population. It is also about reversing the effects of global warming which is indeed a nightmare in the world. Organic farming helps in capturing millions of the greenhouse gasses that destabilize the ecosystem (Gettelman 45-8). This is enhanced through a combination of activities s uch as reforestation, composting, photosynthesis and the preservation of wetlands all which contribute positively toward reversing the effects of global warming. Indeed, climate change in a global concern that continues to elicit hot debates both on its causes and effects amid the thoughts that certain countries should be more responsible for addressing its consequences given that they contribute more toward the challenge. On that account, any positive process that can effectively curb the effects of global warming should be a welcome story by all and sundry. At least for those concerned with environmental issues. The conventional farming methods practiced across the world are basically energy intensive and involves the application of a lot of chemicals in the farmlands (Guthman 109). The deliberating effects of such industrial agriculture include a release of millions of tons of carbon dioxide gas into the environment. All this becomes a foregone story with the adoption of organic farming. In this case, healthy soils can be nurtured, while plants and trees that are resistant to drought and pests can flourish effectively. Indeed, nothing is better than that. Not at a time when hunger and famines continue to consume millions across the world. Moreover, organic farming produces food that is basically more nutritious with more vitamins and minerals to address the malnutrition that is also a concern in most parts of the

Film review The Little Mermaid Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Film The Little Mermaid - Movie Review Example She just laughs at the dangers, sings like a seraph and displays adoration for man-made creations and objects, with an utmost desire to read, to understand and to learn. The character of the father, King Triton, has been portrayed as realistic, being overprotective, like the normal human father for their daughters, forbidding the talent of his young daughter and appoints a crab, Sebastian as a bodyguard of her daughter. Ariel specks the moving ship and confronts her father, rather swim to examine and gaze Prince Eric, the love at first sight. It is beautifully animated and viewers could understand the expressions and have a feel of the story. As in any thought, with every happiness a taste of bitterness occurs, Ariel witnesses a sudden storm which rips off the ship, but Ariels courage rescues the Prince. Depicting the kind of determination desired in todays contemporary world or human beings. The movie has made Ariel as an ideal for young teenagers. Further, the story takes a turn and Ursula, the witch, man hating sea beast, marks the presence. Grasping Ariels desire, Ursula grants Ariels wish for legs, but this also displays the plot behind the intention, the mal-intention to destroy Tritons kingdom. The role of friends and their friendship comes into picture, as all the friends of Ariel stood beside her in her difficult time. This is the best message that was given to the audience of the movie, a moral value which is greatly desired in the present scenario, even after more than twenty years, the message holds value and meaning. It is one of the finest creation in terms of the positive characters, the heroic deeds and accomplishments to protect the real values. The movie highlights the emotions involved between the father and daughter as well as between the boy and the girl. Their love affection and also the devotion towards each other is highlighted in a very artistic and magnificent manner, besides the glorious world of colors

Organic Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organic Revolution - Essay Example Here is the concept of organic food, a new revolutionary wave that characterizes modern farming and ranching. Inasmuch as the climate change campaigners, policy advisors and politicians continue to drag their feet on such a fundamental issue, it is imperative to acknowledge the bare fact that business is not as usual at all. Not at a time when organic revolution continues to spread its tentacles and roots into the tissues that define our posterity. Across the world, thousands of organic farmers and conservationists are on a constant plea to inform the world that we can indeed create a very safe and healthy alternative to the conventional industrial agriculture (Ableman 89). The whole trouble however lies in convincing the masses and the skeptics out there that this is a very real and feasible process devoid of any harm hitherto known. Well, the cynics will normally have their way and their say but the fundamental realization to acknowledge is that as the world’s population sur ges amid diminishing resources, it is imperative that radical measures be put in place to ensure that this generation and the posterity will have food to eat and resources to use. That, in essence, is the fundamental issue that has to be addressed. It is in light of such emerging realities that the concept of organic revolution continues to take shape and be accepted as a solution to the food crisis in the world (Avery 78). However, this should never be accepted with doubts and skepticism. It should be after an understanding of the facts, realities and the imperatives of such a revolution. On the positive aspect, the goal in the organic revolution process is not only limited to feeding the world’s population. It is also about reversing the effects of global warming which is indeed a nightmare in the world. Organic farming helps in capturing millions of the greenhouse gasses that destabilize the ecosystem (Gettelman 45-8). This is enhanced through a combination of activities s uch as reforestation, composting, photosynthesis and the preservation of wetlands all which contribute positively toward reversing the effects of global warming. Indeed, climate change in a global concern that continues to elicit hot debates both on its causes and effects amid the thoughts that certain countries should be more responsible for addressing its consequences given that they contribute more toward the challenge. On that account, any positive process that can effectively curb the effects of global warming should be a welcome story by all and sundry. At least for those concerned with environmental issues. The conventional farming methods practiced across the world are basically energy intensive and involves the application of a lot of chemicals in the farmlands (Guthman 109). The deliberating effects of such industrial agriculture include a release of millions of tons of carbon dioxide gas into the environment. All this becomes a foregone story with the adoption of organic farming. In this case, healthy soils can be nurtured, while plants and trees that are resistant to drought and pests can flourish effectively. Indeed, nothing is better than that. Not at a time when hunger and famines continue to consume millions across the world. Moreover, organic farming produces food that is basically more nutritious with more vitamins and minerals to address the malnutrition that is also a concern in most parts of the

Business - International Trade Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business - International Trade - Assignment Example A safe guard restrains international trade. In 2002, the United States imposed a safe guard against steel products, (China Trade Remedy, 2011). The United States trade Representative asked the US international trade Commission (ITC) to begin an official safe guard investigation, under section 201 of the US trade laws. The request involved specifically asking the ITC to check whether steel imports were causing injury to the home steel industry. This was under 612, HTS product categories, (China Trade Remedy, 2011). In October 2001, the ITC made an announcement to the effect that it had discovered that steel imports had to a significant extent, caused injury to the domestic steel industry. In December 2001, the ITC made an announcement to the effect that a safe guard is to be imposed. This involved a relook into safe guard tariffs and quotas, (China Trade Remedy, 2011). During this period of time, the USTR began requested the US steel consuming industries and foreign steel exporters to start submitting petitions (China Trade Remedy, 2011). These petitions were meant to have their products removed from the upcoming safeguard. For this exclusion to be made they had to satisfy the USTR demand to know whether the domestic steel production was insufficient for the country. Why nations in the WTO refuse dumping: Dumping is an act of pricing that applies to international trade. ... It is a predatory practice, which is highly condemned, by the world trade organization, (WTO, 2012). This does not mean it’s necessarily prohibited. It is one of the things, which can utterly destroy domestic industries; therefore it calls for manufacturers to act with restraint. When local industries are hurt, the country has a lesser ability to do trade at the international platform. Dumping is a concern to the nations in WTO because it is an extremely expensive act to maintain, (WTO, 2012). It can take many years for it to work. The export country needs to subsidize the product that is being dumped. This can easily cause such a country to accumulate a large sovereign debt. It can even end up hurting the other aspects of the domestic trade in the export country. The other leading demerit of this predatory practice is that, it provokes retaliation from the trade partner. This leads to trade tariffs and barriers. The nations that are involved in this condemned practice can, th erefore, be censured by the WTO, (WTO, 2012). Dumping is rare, but when it happens, local manufacturers cannot avoid loses. This is because people buy the cheaper products. Are trade blocs recommended or not? A trading block is an agreement among governments whereby there is consensus to reduce or do away with tariffs and taxes that are imposed across the member states. These are sometimes referred to as free trade agreements, (Chase, 2005). They are simply intergovernmental trade pacts. Having trade blocs leads to easy and free access of goods or services, (Doole & Lowe, 2008). This easily causes the member states to specialize, which leads to quality of services being improved or better goods being delivered. Besides, at the level of the region, trade agreements lead to a variety of

Eating Breakfast for Success Essay Example for Free

Eating Breakfast for Success Essay Abstract In this experiment, we will study the impact of breakfast on learning in school. Students in several classes will be surveyed on their breakfast eating habits and their personal test scores. It will be a one-time survey over the course of one test. Factors that will be put under consideration are the amount of times each individual studied and the amount of sleep they had the night before. Many researches have been conducted proving that there are significant relationships between eating breakfast and educational performances. This study hypothesizes that students who ate breakfast will do significantly better on tests than students who didn’t eat breakfast. Impact of Breakfast on Learning in School Boschloo, Annemarie, et Al. (2012) conducted a survey with 608 adolescents age 11-18 investigating whether skipping breakfast has an impact on educational performances. The survey was to determine if those who eat breakfast daily have a better end-term-grade than those who skips breakfast. As a result, those who eat breakfast daily performed better in school than those who don’t eat breakfast. The result also shows that people who slept late tend to slip breakfast, but sleep had no effect on performances. The results applied to older and younger students also boys and girls. Another crossover trail has been done by Widenhorn-Muller, Katharina et al. (2008), the trail was applied on high school students age 13-20. Students were assigned to two groups: one with breakfast and who without breakfast. They compared cognitive functions of students in each group. As a result, Breakfast had no effect on paying more attention in class among students, but it has a short term effect on self-assessment and personal performance among the students. Pollitt, Ernesto et al. (1982-1983) found that â€Å"the timing and nutrient composition of meals have acute and demonstrable effects on behavior. † They conducted research on kids 9-11 yrs. old in controlled groups of fasting (breakfast) and non-fasting. They gave these children many tests such as assessment of IQ, the Matching Familiar Figures Test, and Hagen Central–Incidental Test. Glucose and insulin levels were also measured. Pivik, R. T. et al. (2012) found that â€Å"neural network activity involved in processing numerical information is functionally enhanced and performance is improved in children who have eaten breakfast. † Meanwhile students who did not eat breakfast will require more mental effort to solve mathematical problems. This founding was possible by measuring the electroencephalographic (EEG) activity of kids age 7-11 while they are solving math problems. Kids who ate breakfast showed higher frequency EEG activity whereas vice-versa for kids who did not eat breakfast. The proposed study is designed to investigate whether breakfast has an impact on how well a student perform on his/her test. We can assume that each student has a general knowledge on the subject and that they are prepared to take the test. Questions that will be raised during this experiment are 1. whether a person should eat breakfast before test and 2. how much should we eat for it to be consider a healthy breakfast. Method The proposed study is a survey for students age 15-22 in high schools and colleges. Surveys should separate participants into male or female. This survey is conducted on students taking math courses and numbers of males and female should be even in each age group. It is best to conduct the survey on participants within the same classes. Questions will be asked is number of sleep each students had the night before. Whether they had breakfast in the morning. How often do they eat breakfast. Also have the students list the breakfast they had in the morning. Discussion This discussion section will address practical and methodological difficulties in carrying out this survey. Also ethnical background issue will be put under consideration. Some difficulties we might encounter when taking a survey might be each individual’s eating habits, some might eat more than others and the food they consume are different. Also health issues might affect a person’s performance, for example, a person that weighs 130 pounds might have different results in performance compared to a person who is weigh 220 pounds even if they consume the same amount of food for breakfast. Also personal views will affect the survey. Some people have higher standards than others and naturally, the people with higher standards will try harder to get a higher grade than students with lower standards. This also brings up the issue of ethnicity and backgrounds because some people have higher expectations and different cultures have different habits of eating. In future studies, I would like to conduct this survey to a wider age group such as kids from age 5-13 and adults from age 25-40. The adult brain is more developed than children’s brains and breakfast might have a different effect on children and adults. Also this survey can be expanded into testing on a wider range of tasks. Instead of math tests it can be test on other subjects, and other jobs such as a person’s performance in an office or ground work. The survey should also study different types of people such as people with special needs compared to a person with normal functions. References Boschloo, Annemarie, et Al. (2012). The relation between breakfast skipping and school performance in adolescents. Mind, Brain, and Education, Vol 6(2), Jun, 2012. pp. 81-88. Widenhorn-Muller, Katharina et al. (2008) Influence of having breakfast on cognitive performance and mood in 13- to 20-year-old high school students: Results of a crossover trial. Pediatrics, Vol 122(2), Aug, 2008. pp. 279-284. Pollitt, Ernesto et al. (1982-1983). Fasting and cognitive function. Journal of Psychiatric Research, Vol 17(2), 1982-1983. pp. 169-174. Pivik, R. T. et al. (2012). Eating breakfast enhances the efficiency of neural networks engaged during mental arithmetic in school-aged children. Physiology Behavior, Vol 106(4), Jun 25, 2012. pp. 548-555.

Analysing Negative Attitudes Towards Mental Illness

Analysing Negative Attitudes Towards Mental Illness This chapter will examine the term stigma and discuss the negative attitudes that the public hold towards mental health and mental illness and suggest why they may have adopted these views and attitudes. It will also address the medias role in portraying these views and sustaining these attitudes towards mental illness. An enormous number of individuals are affected by mental illness worldwide: the World Health Organization (WHO) (2001) has estimated that 1 in 5 persons will suffer from a mental illness each year. A question that could be asked if mental illness is a dominant and prevalent issue within society today why do people still hold these negative views and attitudes within society? Finally the chapter will conclude by making some recommendations for practice, ways that stigma can be reduced and how mental health and mental illness can be portrayed in a more positive light. To fully appreciate the views and attitudes towards mental illness it is important to understand the concept of stigma. Stigma is derived from the Greek for a mark branded on a slave or criminal (White, 1998). Goffmans (1963) seminal work on stigmatization has, over the years, stimulated a great variety of educational discussion on the nature, sources, and effects of stigma (Link and Phelan, 2001). According to Goffman (1963) stigma is a physical or psychological mark of disgrace that makes an individual stand out from society. Three types of stigmatizing marks identified by Goffman include, Abominations of the body, tribal stigma, and blemishes of individual character (Goffman, 1963, pg 14). People who encompass these physical or psychological marks are often devalued and dehumanised which consequently leads to their position within society being corrupted by the distressing effects of stigmatization (Goffman, 1963). A definition that can be seen to encompass all aspects alongside Goffman is offered by Miles (1981) cited in Brunton (1997) who says, Societal reaction which singles out certain attributes evaluates them as an undesirable and devalues the persons who possess them. (p. 892) The suffering and loss of opportunities that seems to always come hand in hand with a diagnosis of mental illness can be seen to be connected to the psychiatric symptoms that can be observed e.g. talking to voices, the decrease in daily functioning, and the dip in a persons social functioning in society (Corrigan and Wassel, 2008). However, the loss of opportunities and the person with a mental illness devaluing their own self worth take place for the reason of the stigma that surrounds mental illness (Corrigan and Kleinlein, 2005). For the purposes of this dissertation negative attitudes refers to discriminatory attitudes that are based on prejudice, stereotypes or inaccurate information. Stereotypes are firmly set judgements that are learnt throughout life and held firmly in our mind (Stier and Hinshaw, 2007). They are discriminating views or images related to members of particular groups (Corrigan and Wassel, 2008). Prejudice effects individuals in an emotional manner (Stier and Hinshaw, 2007) and occurs when people within society have the same opinion about a particular stereotype and affix this to a group of people making negative connotations towards that particular group (Corrigan and Wassel, 2008). Then again, Corrigan and Wassel (2008) state that discriminative behaviour can be seen as a direct result of prejudice. This involves a specific group being treated in a dissimilar way leading to that group not being able to access opportunities available to them or their rights being restricted (Stier and Hin shaw, 2007). Negative attitudes towards people with mental distress may be manifested by physical and verbal abuse, problems in the workplace or discrimination from people who provide services to people with a mental illness (Mind, 2010). Negative attitudes are partly constructed in the language we use to describe mental illness. People with mental distress are often being described in derogatory terms. For example, perpetrators of acts of violence are often described as Lunatics, mad person (Tudor, 1996), schizos, nutters, psychos, fiends, monsters and maniacs (Twomley, 2007). This makes a clear link between violence and mental distress, it must be acknowledged though that not everyone who is violent necessarily has a mental illness. Angermeyer and Schulze (2001) suggest the general public view people with mental illness as bizarre, fear-provoking, impulsive, violent and lack self-discipline. From this, therefore, it could be suggested that people who have a mental illness are deviants or have deviant behaviour. Becker (1963) defines deviance as any trait or behaviour that was abnormal when compared to the average population (pg. ). If mental illness is classed as deviant then how bad does someone have to act or behave to be classed as deviant. This demonstrates that social rules that are made allow people to judge others as different or in this case deviant (Becker, 1963). This is further supported by Baumann (2007) who suggest that the individuals picture of the world is created by comparatively constant norms, principles and expectations. Angermeyer and Matschinger (2005) suggests a diagnosis of schizophrenia has, particularly, been found to be stigmatizing and linked with negative stereotypes such as violence and dangerousness. This shows that by mental health being medicalised it is profoundly unhelpful due to the diagnostic terms such as psychosis which can shackle people to the mental health system (Watkins, 2007). In contrast Shepherd et al (2008) describe the recovery model as taking ownership and responsibility for an illness and what can and cant be done, focusing on the strengths and issues rather than a diagnosis. This is a reliable source provided by the Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health. The recovery model will be discussed more in-depth in chapter three. There is no doubt that the media plays a part in reinforcing the attitudes towards mental health and mental illness. In everyday life the public come into contact with the media by newspapers, TV and radio on a daily basis. The way people with a mental illness are viewed as dangerous can be seen to be fuelled by tabloid media publicity about psycho-killers (Tudor, 1996). Examples of this are included in the appendix. The report, Screening for madness, by Byrne (2009) reveals that films representations of people with experience of mental health problems have become more harmful, he suggests that, Mental health stereotypes have not changed over a century of cinema. If anything, the comedy is crueler and the deranged psycho killer even more demonic. (pg. 4) One flew over the Cuckoos Nest can be seen as the film most remembered for depicting someone with a mental illness acting strangely or violently (reference). Even though this was released 35 years ago it shows the influence of movie stereotypes on attitudes and how these can last generations. This is also demonstrated with the recent film Batman-the Dark Knight depicting mental illness with violence which more or less is based around the mental illness schizophrenia (Byrne, 2009). This would suggest that ignorance and lack of understanding of mental illness are still very prominent in society today. It must be acknowledged there are some exceptions to this, of more recent films that have portrayed a less sensational and more insightful picture of mental illness. For instance, A Beautiful Mind, in 2002, depicted the true story of a maths genius who had a diagnosis of schizophrenia, while Shine, in 1996, was the story of a brilliant pianist who had a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Nevertheless, the more positive portrayals can represent mental distress as exotic, dramatic or romantic in ways that bear little resemblance to real-life experiences (Lott, 2006). Likewise, media portrayals of mental health have been far from flattering and largely sensationalized. A survey undertaken in 2000 by MIND found that 73% of people with mental health problems felt that the reporting of mental health issues were unjust, biased and pessimistic (MIND, 2000 cited in Rethink, 2006). In addition a study by Chopra and Doody (1997) looked at 98 newspaper articles and found there was no significant difference in the portrayal of schizophrenia. They did find overall that 36.1% of articles were negative in tone, 56.7% were neutral and 7.2% were positive. The word schizophrenic is often used in tabloid stories in conjunction with violent events, somehow suggesting that the diagnosis can justify why the violence happened in the first place (Twomey, 2007). In reality, the person who happens to have a diagnosis of schizophrenia may have acted in such a way due to taking illegal drugs or may have a violent personality, we need to look at all aspect of what led to a violent situation happening and not just that someone was mentally ill. The media can often be seen to be responsible for stigmatizing stereotypes of mental illness (Byrne, 1997),however, if the media was used to its potential it can challenge prejudice, enlighten and instigate discussions, helping to reduce the stigma that is so often experienced by people with a mental illness (Salter and Byrne, 2000). It is still evident through reporting on mental health that a diagnosis of a mental illness is linked to violence. There is however, some evidence of positive change where The Sun newspaper was made to remove a headline of Bonkers Bruno locked up which was reporting on the sectioning of the boxer frank Bruno under the Mental Health Act (MIND, 2010). In 2006, the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) published a code of practice, which banned the use of stigmatising language around mental illness which reduced the use of the terms such as schizo and nutter (PCC, 2006). This gives an example of just how much the media has moved on over the years and that there are some strategies to prevent harm being done to people with mental health problems. Becker (1963) concludes that people who are mentally ill are blamed for things that happen in society therefore you would think they would be punished or persecuted. It must be acknowledged that there are extensive resources devoted to the benevolent care and support of those with an enduring mental illness. Even though this is an old source it is relevant even today and apparent how services are developing for people with mental health problems. Nevertheless, people suffering from a mental illness are still feared and excluded from society (Becker, 1963 and Watkins, 2007). When people have acute mental health problems they can appear to the public to be frightening and exhibit odd behaviours which can often lead to police involvement (Taylor, 2008). At such times they can commit criminal acts, often escaping prosecution due to their mental illness at the time (Bowers, 1998; Taylor, 2008). Therefore, it could be argued that the public hold these views due to such examples where peopl e are excused from their actions on the basis of some supposed illness. It could be suggested that they should be held accountable for their actions as anyone else would be (Bowers, 1998). It can be argued that these attitudes towards mental illness can be seen in a direct parallel to racism (Bowers, 1998). So why do people continue showing negative attitudes and views towards mental health as much work has been done in helping to combat racism, can the same not be done for people with mental illness. Negative attitudes towards individuals with mental illness is widespread and can be capable of creating a significant barrier to treatment (Piner and Kahle, 1984). It has been established that negative attitudes can be individually the most significant obstruction to integration of people with a mental illness in to society (Piner and Kahle, 1984). Negative attitudes towards mental health can influence the path and result of their mental illness (Bowers, 1998). This can also lead to self-stigma which occurs when an individual with a mental health illness internalizes the stigma and believes they are of less value (Halter, 2004; Corrigan, 2007). This may result in low self-worth, loss of dignity, and lead to feelings of hopelessness (Campbell and Deacon, 2006). People who experience a mental illness often see no potential for them to undertake full time employment due to internalizing these negative attitudes that are held about the psychiatric system (Watkins, 2007). If we dont help people recover from mental illnesses it is inevitable that it may become an enduring illness. An analogy given compares it to having a broken leg; if you dont rest it then it wont heal properly, the same could be said for the mind. Maybe if people were more positive towards mental health and mental illness then people with mental health problems would be encouraged to flourish in the community and not be seen as deviant. This is supported by Sayce (2000) who suggests that being part of the social foundations of the community is necessary for our psychological well being. Generally most people would like to think they are compassionate and have inclusive attitudes towards people who experience a breakdown in their mental health (Ross and Read, 2004). Except, discrimination is still communicated in everyday social situations in subtly distancing, condescending exchanges, flippant outlooks or obvious hostility leaving people feeling socially isolated (Watkins, 2007). This could be due to the fact that mental illness shows how fragile human nature is therefore peoples/societies anxieties and fears about mental health may be due to seeing the potential that any one of us could develop a mental health disorder (Becker, 1963). From my practice to date the following example really brought home to me the level of stigma and negative attitudes people have towards mental illness. When listening to an account from a service user it made me realise how public attitudes towards people with mental health difficulties is still a big issue and a real challenge for health care professionals. Mary explained that when taking a taxi to give a talk to students about living with mental illness she got talking to the taxi driver. At first he thought she was a lecturer but when she explained what she was going to do he became very quiet and stopped conversation with her. She found this a very ignorant and closed way of dealing with the situation and became quite upset about it. Having examined the concepts of stigma, discussed the negative attitudes that the public hold towards mental health and mental illness, suggested why they may have adopted these views and attitudes and addressed the medias role in portraying these views and sustaining these attitudes towards mental illness. It is now important to draw some recommendations and challenges that can help reduce the stigma of mental illness and promote a more positive picture to members of the public. These recommendations include education and public contact. Firstly, education of the public both at school and after (Murphy et al 1993; Penn et al 1994) about mental health and its prevalence among every one of us is really important. Education is widely approved for influencing prejudice and discrimination (Corrigan and Wassel, 2008). Corrigan and Wassel (2008) ask the important question, If people had the correct knowledge or effective problem solving skills, would they be able to give up public stigma and handle associated concerns more directly? (pg. 45) Education can generate small effects on attitudes; unfortunately, this kind of change in attitude is seen to not be maintained over time (Corrigan et al, 2001). This demonstrates the need to continually re-educate people to reinforce the message. Challenging the public is most effective when it targets people who frequently interact with individuals with mental illness: landlords, employers, GPs, police officers etc (Corrigan and Wassel, 2008). Secondly, most importantly the media needs to comply with their code of practice (2006). If something does appear in the media that appears stigmatising people should protest against it not accept it and reiterate that it wont be tolerated. As nurses we need to encourage that positive things surrounding mental health of mental health are promoted in the media. Lastly, the public need more contact with people who are experiencing mental health difficulties. This type of contact can provide the most healthy and positive findings toward changing public stigma (Penn et al,1994; Pettigrew and Tropp, 2000). It can be something as small as someone speaking about their mental illness in a group situation to co-workers learning of someone coping with a mental illness. The effectiveness of utilising contact can be improved when the person with a mental illness is seen by society as in the same social class as them (Gaertner et al, 1996). In Link and Cullens (1986) study they found people who had contact with someone who had a mental illness showed much lower anxiety around danger compared to those who had no contact. Murphy et als (1993) study contradicted this as they found having contact with someone with a mental illness did not impact on their attitude. However, they did establish that people who spoke of having knowledge of mental illness showe d a reduced anxiety and fear of mental illness. Finally, the prevalence of mental illness in society cannot be underestimated. As previously alluded to with 1 in 5 people suffering from a mental illness (WHO, 2001) we cannot afford to ignore the impact of stigma, all health care professionals especially nurses need to advocate for clients and work with others to promote and protect the health and wellbeing of those in their care, their families and carers, and the wider community (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). Having discussed the views and attitudes that the public hold towards mental illness and those experiencing mental health difficulties it is now important, in the next chapter, to examine the views and attitudes of general nurses. Many will come into contact with people with mental health problems particularly in accident and emergency (a and e) and a medical setting.

Cinnamon: Its Not Just For Making Cinnamon Rolls :: Botany

Cinnamon: It's Not Just For Making Cinnamon Rolls Most people around the world are familiar with the sweet and pungent taste of cinnamon. Cinnamon is the common name for the trees and shrubs that belong to the genus Cinnamomum of the Laurel family (Lauraceae). Cinnamon spice comes primarily from the Sri Lankan cinnamon known as Cinnamomum zeylanicum. It is obtained from the plant by drying the central part of the bark, which is then sold in stick or powdered form. The cinnamon oil is extracted from the waste products of drying and the pointed black fruits that the tree bears (1). This oil is used for medicinal purposes or flavoring (2). Cinnamomum Zeylanicum is the source of cinnamon that we in the United States commonly buy. Cinnamon contains cinnamic aldehyde, essential oils, Eugenol, metholeugenol, muscilage, sucrose, starch, and tannin (3). Distribution Have you ever wondered where cinnamon comes from? It is unbelievable to think that there is a place somewhere in the world where cinnamon is commonly seen growing along the side of the road. Just imagine walking through campus with cinnamon trees growing all around you. Cinnamon is native to India, Mayala, Ceylon, China, Japan and Taiwan, where it is as common to them as an Oak tree wood be to us (1). The spice grows in a number of tropical forests and is extensively cultivated throughout the tropical regions of the world, including Madagascar, Brazil, and the Caribbean (4). Cinnamomum zeylanicum, True Cinnamon is native to Sri Lanka, India, where it was one of the spices responsible for world trade (5). Description The Cinnamomum zeylanicum tree grows up to thirty feet tall with ovate to ovate-lanceolate leaves that can be four to seven inches long. The flowers are inconspicuous, and the panicles of the yellowish flowers are usually longer than the leaves (6). These panicles bear pointed black fruits from which cinnamon oil is extracted. The cinnamon sticks are made from the bark of the tree and are rolled naturally when the bark is sun-dried. The tree grows best in deep, well-drained, moist soils (1). Uses Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) has many common everyday uses and some not so common uses. Everybody has probably used cinnamon for some reason, whether for cooking purposes or medicinal purposes. Despite being widely used in food and pharmacy it is also important in the cosmetic and perfumery industries (7). In some areas cinnamon has been known to be used for religious purposes.

Animal Species Essay

1. On the diagram below, what percentage of energy (from the choices in blue on the left) is transferred from a producer to a: (A) secondary consumer, (B) tertiary consumer, (C) quaternary consumer? The producer takes 100% from the sun then gives 10% to the primary consumer then 1% to the secondary consumer then .1% to the tertiary consumer and then .01% to the quaternary consumer. 2. Look at the quote from Rachel Carson on the first page. What do you think the quote means? Use some of the terms we have covered regarding the topic of food webs in your one to two paragraph explanation. â€Å"All the life of the planet is inter-related†¦Ã‚  each species has its own ties to others, and  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦all are related to the earth.† I think she’s referring to the consumption between the animals going all around the world and going to the past life, similar to earth because all the animals eventually die and are tied together on earth. The food chain connects everyone and everything together in some way which is key to life on earth. 3. Why is it beneficial that many predatory fish have larval and juvenile stages that feed at a low trophic level, while the adults feed at a tertiary or quaternary trophic level? It’s beneficial because then they’re not competing for the same food. If the juvenile are eating something different it will help them actually make it to adulthood. Also juvenile fish don’t have the same energy as the adults so they eat in the low trophic level because it’s an easier and safer feed. 4. Not all adults feed at a high trophic level. Whale sharks (50 ft) are the largest fish and feed on plankton and small fish, while Great White sharks (20 ft) are the largest carnivorous fish and feed on sea lions, seals and large fish. Blue whales (100 ft) are the largest whale and feed primarily on plankton and krill, while the Sperm whale (45 ft) is the largest carnivorous whale feeding on fish and very large squid. (a) How does the location of each animal’s position in relation to the producers contribute to their size? Be sure to look at the food chain and the amount of energy that is being transferred between the levels. –I think the location of an animal correlates with ones size because if you think of a wale compared to costal fish you know they can’t eat the same things considering a wale being right offshore is highly unlikely. Plus the larger animals (like a whale) won’t have as much energy  as a smaller animal to catch its food so they would eat in the low trophic level because it’s easier to get, and takes less energy. (b) Why do you suppose the plankton feeders are able to attain such large sizes compared to the carnivores? –The main reason I feel that plankton eaters are able to attain such large sizes is because plankton are not a hard catch compared to trying to catch a seal or chase a school of fish. Plankton eaters can eat a lot more, while saving energy, which is perfect for bigger animals.

The War over How Content Providers

The other opponents are the large electrification companies and the Internet Service Providers who will be referred to as Sips. These companies have a new business plan that if allowed to be implemented by the FCC will change the way Content Service Providers Caps and the end users, which are anyone using the internet today, will have their data routed and how they must pay for it. What will happen if the large Corporations win this â€Å"War† and how will it affect the status quo that we've all become used to as the Internet standard? Net Neutrality: The War over How Content Providers and Users Will Pay for Speed andRoutes of internet traffic. What is the real problem being debated? The new laws governing internet traffic if passed will give the large Sips the right to dictate how internet traffic is routed, and how they will charge the content service providers (Caps) and Internet end users (Sis's). Net neutrality has been a core principle of the Internet since its inception . According to (Vogue, 2014) Internet service should be very similar to telephone service. As an analogy, the phone company cannot make the connection poorer if they do not like the person you are ailing.The Sips and the large telecommunication companies don't like this concept and are working very hard to change it. Advocates of this policy are licking their wounds because the FCC recently reported they would likely leave Broadband services deregulated. Many activists for this movement had hoped that the Obama administration would not allow Internet Service Providers (Sips) to charge individuals by the amount of bandwidth they consume (Hudson, 2010). â€Å"Does this threaten freedom and openness on the Internet as net neutrality activist's claim? How would et neutrality impact future investments in broadband?Here are two opposing views on the issue† (Hudson, 2010). It seems as if the favoritism game has begun. A group of Internet service providers, mainly Commas has already begun to raise, and overcharge certain websites for their service. Yet other service providers who are a subsidiaries of theirs, like Hull who provide the same types of service have not had their fees increased (Cry, 2014) This is a growing concern of AN supporters. What is net neutrality? Law professor Www (2003) coined the term â€Å"net neutrality'. Lawrence (Lessee, 2001, p. 68175) can trace the idea of Internet neutrality back to the open access movement that was lead.The debate on AN centers on the potential consequences of network owners exercising control over the data traffic in their networks. The meaning of â€Å"control† can mean anything from blocking certain types of traffic (Www, 2007), to termination fees (Lee & Www, 2009), to offering preferred services to customers willing to pay a fee for it (Hahn & Wallet, 2006). To date, there is not a generally accepted definition of AN. Consumer rights groups have among others; put a strict definition f AN forth. The i nternet has developed at a tremendous rate of speed. It provides users with a platform for information, entertainment, and communication.The role of content providers has shifted to an essential gatekeeper position on the information superhighway. â€Å"Therefore, the public and politicians alike are concerned about how Internet service providers (Sips) are going to noontime access and usage of the networks in the future. The discussion on the future of the Internet is known as the net neutrality (AN) debate† (Kramer & Warrior, 2013, p. 1). Definition 1 Strict Net Neutrality. Net neutrality prohibits Internet service providers from speeding up, slowing down or blocking Internet traffic based on its source, ownership or destination.As mentioned above, the Sips are already planning to implement these prohibitions in their networks. This will endanger the â€Å"openness† of the Internet that has been the standard since its inception. (KerrГmere & Warrior, 2013). Defin ition 2 How AN Applies To Service Providers. â€Å"Net neutrality usually means that broadband service providers charge consumers only once for Internet access, do not favor one content provider over another, and do to charge content providers for sending information over broadband lines to end users. (Hahn and Wallet, 2006) The Pros and Cons The Cons: Sips can block any derogatory statements said about their company. They can block peer-to peer technologies, even those used by software developers used to enhance and grow technology. They can also block certain â€Å"Blobs† because of deals they have made with other higher paying â€Å"Blobs†. Just to name a few, and this list is growing by the day. If the Sips continue with the new business model they have landed they will not only change the face of the internet as we know it, they will lose all trust in the public and customer relations will suffer greatly.No one will trust or buy service from a company who wants t o undermine an institution standard that's been in place since its inception. Most customers will lose trust in them and the customer relations departments of the Sips will be working overtime to try to regain the publics trust and convince them to come back and be a loyal customer once again. I myself hope that it sparks a whole new line of smaller ISP startups who will epithelial on the publics distrust and resentment of the large Sips for betraying the publics trust.If I had the capital, I would start an ISP that would NOT use the new business model they so desperately want to implement. I am sure any company who could do this would grab a huge share of the market. The pros, which in my opinion are few and far in between, and are practically meaningless in my opinion. Congress claims its Constitutional authority to set interstate communications policy, the Constitution's protections, and court precedent, as well as encourage private investment and innovation Just proves Congress' bipartisan Internet policy.It fails to keep a competitive free market, which is not hampered by government regulation. Congress also claims it respects the rule of law, and it also encourages public and Private Corporation's to get the fastest broadband to all Americans under the National Broadband Plan. Smoke and mirrors I say. Legislation, Regulation, and Constitutional Rights Since 2005, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has been working towards a set of principles that will ensure the open and interconnected character of he Internet, a restriction to try to avoid the biased term AN.The FCC is seeking to maintain the current status quo and has followed the presented views in this section. There exist several examples of Sips that have blocked voice over IP (Poop) traffic, which is in competition to their regular telephone service. The most prominent example is that of Madison River Communications, which was subject to an investigation by the FCC in 2005 for exactly suc h practice. The case was settled under the old common carrier powers of the FCC, which applied at that point in time o DSL service (c. F. FCC, 2011).Traffic management techniques may be used by the ISP to avoid or limit traffic that, in their view, generates nothing but higher costs. Here, the most prominent example is that of Commas, the largest cable company in the US, which was subject to scrutiny by the FCC in 2008 because it had restricted the flow of peer-to-peer (APP) traffic. The FCC issued a cease or desist order against Commas in 2008, which was overturned by the US Court of Appeals in 2010, because it was found that the FCC has failed to tie its assertion of regulatory authority to an actual law enacted by Congress (McCullough, 2010).In its final Report & Order from December 2010, the FCC adopted the following AN framework. Definition 3 FCC. â€Å"A person engaged in the provision of fixed broadband Internet access service, insofar as such person is so engaged, shall 1 . Transparency â€Å"C†¦ ] publicly disclose accurate information regarding the network management practices, performance, and commercial terms [†¦ ]. â€Å"(FCC, 2010, Section 54) 2. No Blocking not block lawful content, applications, services, or non-harmful devices, subject to reasonable network management. (FCC, 2010, Section 63) 3.No Unreasonable Discrimination not unreasonably discriminate in transmitting lawful network traffic over a consumer's broadband Internet access service. † (FCC, 2010, Section 68) The FCC acknowledges the usefulness of reasonable network management, but also says that pay for priority arrangements will raise significant reasons for concern (FCC, 2010, Section 76). They also said that transparency and competition are the main remedies to ensure AN. It is also important to note that wireless network services are not subject to the restrictions of network management.The main reason for this is the competition between wireless network oper ators. Because the effect of competition is still unclear, it is going to be interesting to see whether the PC's AN ruling, which took effect on November 20, 2011, is going to lead to changes of the fixed and wireless networks in the US. The New FCC Rulings In January 2014, the DC Court of Appeals agreed with Verizon and said that the FCC cannot stop Internet service providers from blocking or discriminating against websites or any other Internet traffic unless the Internet is reclassified as a public utility.However, the court also said the FCC does have some authority to implement net neutrality rules as long as it promotes broadband deployment across the country. On May 1 5, the FCC voted to move forward with their proposed rules for net neutrality, the principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally. The proposal, which is now open for public comment for four months, would dramatically change the Internet. The new rules would allow Internet service providers (Sips) like Verizon or AT&T to charge websites like Backbone and Twitter for faster service.This as a whole range of consequences for all avid Internet users. (Miranda. 2014) The Public Fear The public AN debate it is related to the fear that Sips may be in the position to limit the freedom of speech. Sips could block access to politically controversial (but legal) information, or shut down websites of unwanted organizations, Ex. The websites of labor associations to prevent an assembly of workers (Austin, 2005) Evidence of such practices is not necessarily true, because it will almost certainly cause a loss of reputation for the Sips.It seems obvious that such limitations of freedom of speech would be addressable by constitutional law of the respective country. However, people are aware that there are remarkable differences in the legal basis for preserving free speech online. The Other Side of the Coin Opponents say that strict AN would be taking a step backwards from the status quo of the Internet. If any network management practices are forbidden it could lead to congestion problems at peak times, which could only be counteracted by over provisioning of a networks capacity.In any case, Sips' revenues would be reduced because business models that rely on managed services, like PIPIT, could not be liable offered anymore. The likely result of this strict interpretation of AN would be that consumer prices for (full) Internet access will increase, or that the rate of investments in network infrastructure is reduced which will reduce the SO (Quality Of Service) we are all accustomed to. They also claim that customers with limited needs for internet access will not have the opportunity to purchase these services if they want to.Vice-president of the European commission Nellie Zeroes who said that â€Å"requiring operators to provide only full internet could kill innovative new offers Even worse, it could mean higher prices for those consumers with more limited needs w ho were ready to accept a cheaper, limited package† (Meyer, 2011). Conclusion In general what all of this means is that the Sips have an agenda to create a new business model. If the laws are changed that currently govern internet traffic, it can, and will change the way Internet access is routed and how the users are charged for it.However, for now, they are gunning for the website owner/operators or Caps (Content Service Providers) as they are also called, who provide content to the end users. Specifically the large Caps who rely on fast data transfer rates to provide customers with the services they offer. For Ex. Nettling which is a company that offers subscribers a service that allows them to instantly stream TV shows and movies would be put out of business if they did not agree to pay for their data to travel in the so-called â€Å"fast lane†.This type of service relies heavily on the fast transmission of data packets across a network in order to provide uninterru pted service. If the Sips and large telecommunication companies get their way they can restrict certain kinds f data/traffic at their discretion and direct it into the â€Å"traffic lanes† of their choosing. They wish to divide the Intervention into predetermined lanes of slow, medium, and fast data transfer speeds. Then charge Caps (Content Service Providers) according to the speed that they want, or essentially need their data to travel at.Step 2. Focus on the accuracy of the assumptions and conclusions. I used the scoring guide and the instructions for the assignment to ensure that I have met the requirements and feel confident with my submission. Step 3. Break the problems into workable parts. I used the discussion posts and suggestions of the other classmates as well as the instructor's comments to tackle each perceived item that was recommended to me that needed revision.I approached this by looking at them as a whole and then breaking them down and working on them one at a time. Step 4. Do not guess or Jump to conclusions. I feel I did not Jump to conclusions by using the many credible sources and references to Justify my conclusions used in my draft. Step 5. Employ meaningful self-dialogue throughout the process, including written or drawn prompts as well as spoken words. I'll be quite honest here I still have not mastered how to accomplish this step.I do not talk out loud to myself but do talk silently to myself while writing to make sure my words sound correct and flow nicely together, so in a sense I guess I do implement this process in that way. Step 6. Briefly describe what it felt like to go through the process. Going through this process is a constant learning experience for me. I'm realizing that as my paper develops I find my steps of using the critical thinking process are beginning to change. I'm not sure if this is a good thing but I have noticed a difference in my processes from the beginning until now.